Major General Edward Tuite Dalton.

Soldier, Administrator, Anthropologist, East India, Company.
Companion of the Order of the Star of India (C.S.I).

In literary sources related to the Great Indian Uprising of 1857 and the colonial history of Chota Nagpur. A dry and hilly plateau located in the present-day state of Jharkhand, India. One comes across the name of Edward Tuite Dalton almost as easily as spotting a handful of Acorns scattered across a white marble floor.

An Irishman of calibre who later rose to be a commissioner and a Major General of the Bengal Lancers. Cavalry regiments raised by the East India Company for the expansion and defence of the Bengal Presidency between 1803 -1857. With some still in active service with the modern Indian or Pakistani army. Upgraded and equipped as per the times and manned by a new generation of soldiers.

Portrait of Edward.

The portrait of Edward that emerges through the haze of time with a tidy collection of meritorious mentions in combat and ethnology, is of a brave soldier, a just commissioner and an anthropologist with a deep affinity for the ancient tribes of India. Particularly those that dwelled within the Chota Nagpur region.

Within the bustling city of Ranchi that still scorches under a harsh summer sun but leaves its residents relishing a winter that has greatly diminished in vigour since Edward resided there in the middle of the 18th century.

Amidst a cluster of traditional huts and sturdy colonial-style flat-roofed bungalows bordering an open and rugged countryside of hills and forests, now completely overgrown with concrete buildings, congested roads and houses. 

He is almost always the good-hearted humanitarian who laid the foundation stone of the St. Paul’s Cathedral. An Anglican institution he had partly financed from his own allowances after he had failed to patch-up an irreconcilable split that had led to the ex-communication of the German priest, Fredrick Batsch.

A man, Edward, appears to have greatly respected for his tireless missionary work and moral character (see Farbound.Net story: To err is divine, to help is human).

Edward’s Ireland, 1815.

Born in the same year the Napoleonic wars in Europe had come to an end with the battle of Waterloo in 1815 and within the next two years plunged a blooming Irish economy into a state of depression, that hitherto had thrived as a major exporter of food and men.

Edward had belonged to an Ireland which in this phase of limited opportunities had witnessed many of her hardy countrymen migrating to distant shores in search of better prospects or adventure.

Most often to the U.S. as frontier settlers, Canada or in the service of the East India Company, that at the time had offered better pay and privileges than a peacetime British army. Greatly downsized after its victory over Napoleon in the muddy fields of Waterloo, Belgium on the 18th of June, 1815.

The Tuite-Dalton family.

Though Edward’s father was a gifted music composer with a lineage that on a clear day could be traced back to the two ancient households of Tuites and Daltons. Barons and landowners, settled in Ireland since the Norman invasion of the Island, in the 12th century A.D.

His mother, the daughter of another talented music composer. And his family friends, artists and men of letters. Most notable among them, the Irish poet, Thomas Moore and perhaps also the English poet, Byron.

His destiny, however, had taken him far from those creative circles into the soldiering and administration of a blisteringly hot country located roughly 8, 503 nautical miles away from his home.

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Edward’s stepfather, Thomas Taylour.

Edward’s story, one that history remembers in bits and revealed pieces, well begins to unravel with the untimely demise of his biological father in 1821 and the subsequent marriage of his widowed mother, Olivia, to Thomas Taylour in 1822. Then, the 2nd Marquess of Headfort and an influential man of peerage and member of Parliament. And who had later played a cooperative role in the making of Edward, the soldier and commissioner.

While it is not known, whether the nuptial arrangement between Olivia and Thomas had come about over mutual love and admiration. Or was more plausibly tethered by Olivia’s illustrious father, the knighted music composer, Sir John Andrew Stevenson.

In accordance with the Irish tradition of his age that endowed parents with the full freedom of making matrimonial alliances for their children.

What is certain is that the marriage had provided Edward, his brother Gustavus and sister Adelaide with a safe cradle. Especially during the Irish famine of 1881-82. When the country’s primary cash crop, the potato, had failed to sustain its rural population and the disease of Typhus had ravaged the countryside (see Irish History article: The Mahon Papers).

A happy childhood.

In spite of later having his own children with Olivia, who inherited his name and privileges as eminent members of his household. Thomas nonetheless was a benevolent and devoted stepfather. And under whose fatherly affections, the Tuite-Dalton children had not only received proper care but passed their adolescent years, affectionately thinking of him as their own father.

This mutual love and admiration had continued even after the death of Olivia in 1834. A year before Edward had sailed for India. And Thomas’ remarriage to the twice-widowed, Frances, thereafter in 1853. A revelation that had emerged in 2011, when Eimera Walsh, a student at the National Library of Ireland had begun researching the Taylour family settled in Ireland and stumbled upon the Tuite Dalton children (see Hidden History by Eimera Walsh).

Furthermore, correspondence between Thomas and Edward in later years as the latter had begun his service in India, is an indisputable testament to the fond relationship that had existed between the stepfather and his adopted family.

One that had naturally begun and grown as Olivia had moved with her three children into Thomas’s estate at Kells in Meath county, Ireland. And later as Thomas, as a responsible custodian had taken to ensure the children’s proper upbringing and education.

With the enrollment of Gustavas in Trinity and Edward at Harrows. A boarding school for boys established in 1572 and an institution that is presently located in North West London’s Harrow Hill.

Harrows, the school Edward was enrolled in.

Harrows by the 18th century had developed a trend of attracting boys from the wealthy and land-owning Irish aristocracy along with children from British colonies and trading firms such as the East India company that operated in India and the Hudson Bay Company that in 1668 had planted roots in Canada to capitalize on the lucrative Canadian fur trade.

Harrow students since the mid 17th century had predominantly made their way overseas or joined the army and likewise, we find Edward too, in spite of coming from a family of creative talent and well-established connections, opting for a career with the East India Company in India.

Unlike his elder brother Gustavus, who had remained behind with the Thomas family to manage the family estate in Virginia and had later embarked on a career of political journalism and writing.

Enlistment and discharge papers preserved in military archives, now with the British Library, indicate Edward at the age of 20, had arrived in India on the 12th of November, 1835 and after a service of some 39 odd years resigned his commission on the 15th of April, 1875.

A lengthy period of service that he appears to have completed first under the East India Company and later after its effective dissolution in 1859, directly under the crown, with a two year leave to Europe on private affair.

Edward’s service records.

While it is uncertain if Edward had been a cadet in training at the British army’s Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and Sandhurst. Or more importantly the Addiscombe Seminary.

The military training centre, the East India Company had established at Croydon in 1809 to train officers for the armies of the Bengal, Bombay and Madras presidencies. And his later wealthy and affluent background hints, he may have as per the tradition that existed at the time in England, purchased his commission to serve as an officer with the East India Company. 

His distinguished records, on the contrary, tend to suggest the hardworking Irish was indeed a man of calibre. Determined to prove his mettle both as an administrator and soldier on the field.

Perhaps with the knowledge the natural heir of his wealthy stepfather’s property, privileges and title was to be his stepbrother, Bective. Later the Earl of Bective and the 3rd Marquess of Headfort.

Edward’s proficieny in Bengali and Assameses.

As one hears of Edward’s first commission between 1839 and 1841 at the lonely outpost of Dibru Ghoor (now Dirubagh) in the upper reaches of Assam.

It appears he may well have spent his initial four years in India confined to the city of Calcutta before being assigned to the troubled frontiers, as an adjutant to a senior officiating political agent. A military officer entrusted with administration duties and building relations with the native dwellers.

Established as the capital of British India in 1772. The city of Calcutta at the time was also the administrative headquarters of the sprawling Bengal presidency. A massive territorial division of the East India Company that at its greatest extent had stretched from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of modern-day Pakistan to the Malaysian state of Penang in the East.

With the present-day Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (encompassing the erstwhile kingdom of Awadh), in-between making up its largest recruitment ground for native regiments till 1857.

Owing to its political and administrative importance, the city then was a seat of training for inducting young officers into the fold, and here it is likely Edward too was prepped for his role as a political agent.

Acquiring proficiency in the Bengali and Assamese languages – evident again in the service records that clearly mentions him qualifying examinations in these two languages.

Edward in Assam.

The Assam, Edward visited in 1839, was then a part of the Bengal Presidency and a land of thick rolling jungles that lined both sides of the Brahmaputra and its tributaries.

A biosphere of abundant wildlife and vegetation, it was inhabited by less than a handful of ruling dynasties and a substantial population of multi-racial tribes. Who had squabbled, raided, enslaved and murdered, weaker neighbours over dominance, riches and tribal beliefs.

Encompassing not just the present Indian state of Assam in the North East, but also the sister states of Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Arunachal. As well as portions of the country of Bangladesh.

This yesteryear region had been occupied by the Burmese in 1819 prior to becoming an accidental gain for the East India Company after its victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1826.

A war that had erupted over an invasion of British territories by a 30,000 Burmese army and very nearly cost the E.I.C. its eastern city of Chittagong and a crushing defeat in the initial stages.

Though the land of Assam was not unknown to the E.I.C. as in 1792, on the insistence of the local king, Guarinath Singh, the company had sent in an expeditionary force to protect his lands from Momaria rebels and band of brigands who had pillaged and created much unrest in his domain.

The territories had then held little interest for the company and in lieu of the non-interference policies implemented by the then Governor-General, Lord Cornwallis, it had subsequently withdrawn its presence after successfully completing its task.

Conflict with the tribes of Assam.

However, on becoming the dominant power in the region from 1826 onwards, the E.I.C had gradually changed its policy from merely maintaining peace for protectorate kings to extending its sway over the pristine landscape for colonizing and harvesting of natural resources. A defining trait of the East India Company, critics of British Colonial policies have never failed to expound.

What in reality had taxed the E.I.C in energy and manpower had not been the tiny kingdoms it had annexed with ease but the recurring problems it had faced dealing with the multitude of ethnically different martial tribes of Akas, Mikirs, Abhors, Mijis, Dafals, and Bhutias, inhabiting different sectors of the region.

Of which, the Singphos, Kamptis, Nagas and Mishmis were the most fearsome and troublesome. And who despite the presence of well-drilled and armed regiments had not hesitated to raid and pillage company towns, tea gardens and territories.

The E.I.C had tackled the issue with a mixture of monetary bribes and aggression but as the garrisoned troops had started policing and pacifying inter-tribal hostilities, imposing western notions of justice and civilization, the conflicts had become more frequent and bitter.

For the simple reason that the tribes had detested the company’s interference in their tribal ways and had unleashed their hostilities every now and then with ambushes and uprisings.

Evident in the recorded destruction of the company’s military base at Balipara in the present-day Sonitpur district of Assam by the Kapachor tribe in 1835. And later, the destruction of the North-Eastern frontier outpost of Sadiya in Tinsukia district of Assam.

Which had witnessed the slaughter of an Officiating Political Agent and 80 soldiers, by a coalition of Kampti and Singpho tribesmen in 1839 – a few months before Edward’s posting.

Edward’s service with the First Assam Light Infantry.

Here in this wild and pristine land of rain-wet lush green forests, thick with slithering reptiles and hostile tribesman, that imperilled the lives of officers and soldiers on a daily basis, and one that was not to become the province of Assam till 1911.

Edward had spent the initial eighteen years of his career with the artillery division of the First Assam Light infantry. A foot regiment that was originally raised in 1817 in Cuttack, Orissa out of native recruits but is now the modern British Army’s Royal Gurkha Rifles – with soldiers hailing from the mountainous country of present-day Nepal.

A 25-year-old Edward’s letter to his stepfather, Thomas, penned during this period, presents us with a descriptive scene of his life in the barracks. Through this letter, we come to know about his participation in regular duties, combat drills and expeditions. His worries, hopes and aspirations. Not to mention the changing countryside of Assam – with the garrisoned troops of the E.I.C., clearing the dense forests to build roads, set up homes and official quarters.

Edward’s letter to Thomas. Dated: 25th of September, 1841.

“I am at present enjoying a short vacation of 15 days from my arduous duties of parades and drills, on a visit to an old chum and brother officer of mine named Eld (possibly Lieutenant Elton – a friend of Edward) whose father John may have been at Brighton.

Although our progress is slow the present appearance of this new station affords a pleasing proof that the wild jungles of Assam are gradually vanishing and the province assuming an appearance of civilization.

Two years ago I passed up this river the Boree Diking (present day Brahmaputra Tributary, the Burhi Dihing, in upper Assam, Northeast, India) on my way to Suddrah (present-day Sadiya in Tinsukia district and historic capital of the Chutiya Kingdom).

Description of Assam.

The banks at this place were then densely clad with forest to the waters edge except here and there some wandering families of wild Mirees (possibly the Mishmi tribe) had erected a few scattered huts.

Now the forest and jungle has been made to recede about a mile, a fine broad road runs along the bank and along this road arranged a row of cheerful-looking neat whitewashed houses surmounted by pretty gardens and occupied by the Civil and Military resident gentlemen of the district. Behind these again, troops are contained.

It is the Headquarter Station of the Assam Artillery and has besides two companies of Infantry for military duties. Indeed the number of sentries and constant patrols during the night are all that remind me of our being still on a troubled frontier.

Barrack duties.

My regiment is to furnish two or three expeditions to the borders this ensuing cold season but I am feared to say that as the Brigadier is threatening to come and inspect us, the unlucky adjutant must remain at Headquarters to work the men that are left behind so as to appear for the occasion in the most favourable.

I fear me, I have but a few men to show off with as the Political Agent requires rather a large party to reduce some refractory Trigjahoo (possibly the Tipperahs) and Kampti tribes into submission.

I wish I could persuade my Company Officer that the case was one of sufficient importance for the Headquarters to move as then I should of course go”.

And towards the end of the letter – expressing an appreciation for the pay he received and the opportunity of advancing his career with a promotion to the post of commissioner of Assam.

“I have been sometime expecting to change my “arms” for the “toga” as I have been promised the first vacant civil appointment in Assam. Unfortunately for me the chances that exist of a vacancy have for the present disappeared.

This does not much grieve me as I like my present duties in the tented field so much better than I expect to like the plodding laborious but confined duties of the Kutcherry.

But the pay is an object not to be sneezed at and that and the ambitious prospects it displays (I might, you know, become Commissioner of Assam some day) causes me to turn my attention to that line.”

Extract from correspondence between Edward Tuite Dalton and Thomas Taylour in 1841. See the full content of the letter at Swansea, U.K. 

The Mishmi incident.

After a gap of almost fourteen years, during which time Edward submerges into the depths of mystery and leaves one speculating about the events that may have further shaped his life. We find him suddenly under the spotlight again in 1855.

This time not as the anxious adjutant with ambitious dreams of promotion and career advancement as we found him to be in 1839. But as a 40 years old seasoned soldier and a political agent with enough experience to be solely entrusted with delicate military operations.

Which on this occasion, had happened to involve the capture of a Mishmi clan responsible for the deaths of the French missionaries, Father Nicholas Michael Kirck and his companion, Augustine Etienne Bourry.

Selected for sainthood by the Vatican in 2014 (see UCAN article: Sainthood process initiated for French missionaries in Arunachal.), Kirck and Bourry were two French missionaries sent by the Society of Foreign Mission in Paris to spread its branches in India. This institution established in 1658 was seeking to expand its presence in countries and territories beyond Europe. In the same manner as its German, English, Portuguese and Spanish counterparts.

The French missionaries Kirck and Bourry.

Ordained as a priest in 1843, Nicholas Michael Kirck, was a 33-year-old native of Lorraine, France. He had arrived in India sometime after the outbreak of the 3rd French Revolution in 1848, and after touring parts of British India, had taken up residence at the newly built frontier outpost of Saikwah in 1851 with a mind to penetrate the borders of Tibet – that hitherto no westerner had done before him.

At this isolated station that marked the boundaries of British India in the North East and was located near the border of Tibet. Kirck had come across a local Kampti chieftain with whose help he had eventually reached the forbidden land in 1852. En route to Tibet, he had passed through the village of Walong. Which in the year 2018 lies roughly 20km away from the Indo-China border, in the Anjaw district of Arunachal, India.

With a handy set of medical skills and a bit of luck, Kirck, had not only explored the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra. But halting his journey for a while in a village that hugged the banks of the Yangtze river had made a safe return back into British India without incurring serious mishaps or misadventure of any kind.

Kirck’s second expedition to Tibet and murder.

Upon his return to Saikwah in 1854. Kirck had become acquainted with Bourry, a 27-year-old missionary from the La Chapelle-Largeau town of France with a similar interest in exploring the forbidden land. Motivated and happy to find each other’s company the two had made plans for a second expedition.

However, in 1854, though Kirck and Bourry had embarked on their expedition. On the journey back home they had been waylaid by a band of Mishmi villagers led by their chief Kaieesha. The incident had taken place in the region of Rima, that now falls in present-day Zayun county of Tibet. And had resulted in their deaths and theft of their belongings. Bourry during this time was ailing and on a makeshift stretcher.

Motive behind the murders.

While the exact motive behind the murders was likely never discovered. For several narrations published at the time present alternate theories. Ranging from possible disputes that may have arisen between Kaieesha and the missionaries, accusations of sorcery and case of simple robbery.

Much like the manner of their deaths which also continue to be obscure making it impossible to state with certainty if Kirck indeed had been burned alive and the ailing Bourry killed in the very stretcher he was being carried in.

What is known for certain, though, is the unfortunate tidings at the time had created quite a stir within the British administered territories.

In fact, it is very much on records that the then Governor-General of India, Lord Dalhousie, had been earnest in avenging the murders. Not only to prevent further incidents of this kind from taking place in the future. But also for administering justice and perhaps retribution for the daring insolence.

Even though both he and the military were very much aware the task was an impossible one. Given the uneven terrain and the whereabouts of the clan. Located, as their village was believed to be, some nine days journey in unknown territory, beyond the boundaries of British influence.

Edward in charge.

As the closest command base at this time had happened to the station of Dibru Ghoor (Dirubagh in present-day Dirubagh district of Assam) with Edward, now presumably, a senior political officer. The planning and execution of the military expedition had been thrust into his charge, and his authority enlarged to enlist all kinds of assistance.

Although several publications that speak of the military expedition against this particular Mishmi clan, most often omit Edward’s name in the credits and highlight the exploits of Lieutenant Eden alone.

The officer who is believed to have actually launched and apprehended several members of the clan with a surprise attack in the wee hours of the morning. Including their chief, Kaieesha.

Planning of the military expedition.

Edward’s service record and the British-India government’s statement of acknowledgement is a strong testament to his role in the planning and successful implementation of the military operation.

Edward’s letter to his stepfather, penned in the year 1855, is another revealing piece of correspondence that sheds light on the episode. Judging by the manner of its presentation and the barely concealed excitement it contains. It doesn’t take us long to figure out, this expedition had held immense importance for him.

For in this letter we find him skipping all formal introductions and even a single line of an apology for not having written earlier. To immediately acquaint Thomas with details of the events and his subsequent role in the planning of the military operation. Almost with the pride of a schoolboy bursting to run home and tell his father of an important accomplishment of his life.

Furthermore, the military operation described in the letter not only acquaints us with what indeed was a part and parcel of British military tactics when it came to tempering the wild tribes of Assam of the 18th century but also tells us a lot about Edward himself.

A seasoned and experienced professional.

Having spent over seventeen years in Assam, leading and organizing expeditions, the evidence of which is revealed in the letter again with the mention of a ‘Gurnean’ expedition.

We find Edward, at this stage, to be no more a raw recruit who fumbles in his actions and requires monitoring. But an experienced soldier who knows his opponents well. As he also does the lay of the land and importantly of what is required of him. And never once do we find him rushing into action by boldly marching out in full strength.

Moreover, the planning of the operation itself, also reveals the mind of a seasoned soldier and a tactful diplomat who first goes about winning the neighbourhood tribes to his side. Perhaps with a mixture of soothing conciliatory gestures and threats.

To not only alienate Kaieesha and his clan but also to reduce the chance of a co-ordinate tribal action against the British forces on the march.

Next, we find him shrouding the station of Dibru Ghoor with an iron curtain to prevent Kaieesha from becoming even faintly aware of a military strike against him. Villagers are allowed to come in. But no one is allowed to leave.

Success of the expedition.

Finally, when the time to march comes, we see Edward personally leading a large force right up to the foot of the hill on which is nestled Kaisheeha’s village to further discourage the tribes to rise. Then sending his able friend, Lieutenant Eden, with a small party of twenty regulars of the Assam Light Infantry and forty native Kampti auxiliaries to negotiate the rough terrain and surprise the Mishmi in their layer.

The measures taken by Edward is so thorough, that Kaisheeha and his clan members are taken by complete surprise by Eden and his lightly equipped force in the early hours of the morning.

In the battle, the small British force is not only able to bring down three of Kaisheeha’s sons in a firefight but also take him, prisoner, without sustaining high casualties.

Later we learn Kaisheeha is sentenced by a military court and executed for his crime at the command post of Dibru Ghoor.

It may also be worthwhile to note that though the expedition had been a success and for a while subdued even the other marital clans of the surrounding hills. The tribes were far from being disciplined.

For in the following years, we glean from records and archived correspondence from Assam, while some tribes were indeed pacified. Others had taken up their place to raid and pillage E.I.C., territories. Requiring frequent military interventions, time and again.

Edward by then, however, was an acting commissioner, some 1,500km away, in Ranchi. And was acquainted with the happenings via correspondence with friends still stationed at Dibru Ghoor and Government bulletins.

Edward’s Letter to Thomas. Dated: 20th April, 1855.

“I have not yet replied to your Nov letter which I received whilst conducting a campaign to a more successful one than the Gurnean one. As you will see from the enclosed I do not know if you are aware of the circumstances that led to my expedition.

Two French priests, both of them had been my guests for some time, determined contrary to the advice of all the local officers in this quarter on penetrating into Tibet across the Himalayas by the Valley of the Brahma Porter (present day Brahmaputra).

They passed safely through all the hill clans over whom our influence extends, and were conducted by some of them to the mountains of Tibet and there left in safety but were soon after murdered in a Tibetan village (near Walong in present day Zayu County, Tibet, China) by one of the Mistria (Mishmi) tribes who live within four days journey of the first Tibetan village and nine days journey from our outpost of Saikwak (a new frontier outpost, built after the destruction of Sadiya).

Governor General Dalhousi’s resolve

Lord Dalkinson (Lord Dalhousi) declared that everything should be done to avenge the murder that was possible – and I had to carry out his wishes. The modes of effecting it was left entirely to me. The services of a gallant young officer, a cousin of Lord Aucklands were placed at my disposal for the purpose.

After some negotiations all the hill clans between our territory and that of the murderers were gained over to our side. This removed the most serious difficulty. I not only got all their promises of assistance from them – but I got all their families into my power as hostages for their fidelity – and then I determined on attempting to laager the assassins by a coup de main. It was necessary that the expedition be kept perfectly secret.

To provide this all egress from the country in the direction we were about to advance was stopped. People from the hills were allowed to come in but no one was allowed out again.

The Mishmi are surprised in their lair.

I halted with a larger reserve at the foot of the hills and sent on Eden with a lightly equipped party which completely surprised the murderers. Their chief and several of his followers were taken as prisoners and three of his sons were killed – amongst the prisoners his three daughters. Fine becoming girls but I gave them their liberty.

Our Govt had heard of the success of the expeditions and had intimated their gratification there at but were waiting for the details when last I heard from them. I am rather curious as to what they will do with the chief named Kaieesha.

He himself killed one of the French gentlemen. Such a noble fellow Mons. Bowry – with a beard to his waist. I have got the sword with which this was done and shall send it to Louis Napoleon”.

Extract from correspondence between Edward Tuite Dalton and Thomas Taylour in 1855. See the full content of the letter at Swansea, U.K.

Edward in Ranchi. 

Two years after the Mishmi incident, one next hears of Edward, now 42, serving as the acting commissioner of the Chota Nagpur Plateau with the rank of a Captain and a resident of the small town of Ranchi.

Perhaps, as a likely result of a promotion and transfer that had come about after his long and meritorious tour of duty in Assam, for almost a lengthy period of eighteen years.

Unlike Assam, the landscape of Chota Nagpur, while forested and etched with scenic hills and gently flowing waterfalls, was unforgivingly hot and oppressive in summers, sapping the strength of even those who had resided there for centuries. And it will not be wrong for us to assume Edward at first must have found it immensely difficult in acclimatizing to his new life in Ranchi.

Not to mention touring the province in the sweltering weather on official duties – after having spent so many years in the cooler North East.

Yet, like Assam, Chota Nagpur was a land of many marital tribes, inhabiting its wild jungles and remote corners and Edward, who by now appears to have cultivated a keen interest in tribal ways and customs, must have certainly felt at home.

Especially in the capacity of an acting commissioner as this new role would have provided him with copious opportunities to interact and observe the aboriginal tribesmen in their natural habitat. And which indeed he is known to have recorded with intricate detail in his private journals.

The 1857 Rebellion.

However, at this stage of his life, Edward’s greatest trial wasn’t the sordid heat of the Indian plains, the mosquito that left one stricken with malaria or the Cholera that brought down soldiers faster than bullets.

But the Sepoy mutiny of 1857. A brutal and violent uprising that had tested the temperament and perception of every European who had ever acquired a love for the country of their posting and its people.

Including Edward, who as acting commissioner, had faced one of his toughest challenges as a soldier and administrator.

Exploding with full fury in the present-day city of Meerut in present Uttar Pradesh, India and flooding across the Bengal Presidency from Delhi to Chittagong in present-day Bangladesh. And beyond to even Dimapur in the North Eastern region of present-day Nagaland.

Roots of the revolt.

The 1857 rebellion was an unplanned but vicious tragedy of human lives and sentiments that had erupted in the heat of the moment and raged from the 10 of May, 1857 to the 1st of November, 1858.

This violent upheaval had ultimately resulted in the dissolution of the E.I.C., in 1859 and seen the passing of its Indian territories to the British crown. Which henceforth had assumed command of British India’s administrative and military departments.

Though ignited by a bunch of disgruntled Sepoys of the Bengal army, and quintessentially a military revolt. The colossal event had drawn in local princes and the peasantry within the Bengal presidency. And taken the E.I.C almost two years to curb.

The factors that led to the rebellion, although most often, is stated to have erupted over religious grievances, in essence, had gone deeper than what was apparent on the surface.

At the roots of this revolt was the loss of a Sepoy’s privileges and unsatisfactory terms of his military service. Not to mention the failure of the East India Company to recognize the rising discontentment of native troops. Even as this discontentment had revealed visible signs, since 1852.

Military dispatches, mentioning Edward’s efforts in controlling the mutiny.

Edward’s command in the mutiny is revealed to us not only from a set of archived letters he had sent to Calcutta. But also from other military dispatches and excerpts of the same preserved by colonial historians. Such as Charles Ball, Sir John William Kaye and Colonel George Bruce Malleson.

Soldiers, administrators and men of letters who had taken up the responsibility of not only documenting the mutiny in chronological order but also in identifying the causes and making sense of the confusing events. Albeit with many glaring errors.

From excerpts of military dispatches present in the work of Colonial George Bruce Malleson. A soldier and author, who was thoroughly but wrongly convinced the mutiny was an orchestrated and planned event. Hatched by princely ringleaders.

We come to know of Edward’s gallantry and exploits. Which unlike Malleson’s theory of conspiracy are accurate and true.

Uprising in Chota Nagpur.

In the Chota Nagpur Plateau, located between the British Capital of Kolkatta and Meerut, the city where the rebellion had exploded in the heat of the moment.

The unrest had not just been restricted to the native battalions stationed at the four principal stations of Chaibasa, Hazaribagh, Ramgargh and Purulia. But had also seen the insurrection of the tribal Kols, Santhals, Cheros and Bogatas.

Martial tribes, that had taken advantage of the breakdown in law and order to rampage, loot and plunder.

The breakdown in law and order had also induced the participation of local regents. Who like the tribes had taken advantage of the revolt to assume power and settle old scores with ancestral rivals. Misguided by the false belief, that the rule of the E.I.C had come to an end.

Rebellion of the Sepoys.

The rebellion had begun in Chota Nagpur with the revolt of the native garrison at Danpur, located some 215km away from Ranchi, in what is now, the Indian state of Bihar.

It had then spread to the native Ramgargh battalion in the military station of Hazaribagh, approximately 164km from Ranchi. Followed by the station at Purulia in present-day West Bengal along with Ramgargh and Chaibasa in Jharkhand.

With the Sepoys in mutiny, and the E.I.C administration in retreat. It hadn’t taken long for the local potentates and tribals to embark on a warpath. Although, and as was observed then, every participant was guided by different motives.

In the sector of British Singhbhum, south of Edward’s jurisdiction, the petty Raja of Porhat, Arjun Singh, had been the first to declare hostilities.

Mentions Bishnoi Pati in the book, The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India. Between the months of July and November 1857, Arjun Singh had mobilized a large force of the tribal Kols and declared his own personal war on the Rajas of Seraikela and Kharsawn. Allies of the East India Company and his ancestral rivals.

This local prince had embarked on the warpath after the E.I.C district officer, one Captain Sissimore, had evacuated from his post in the wake of the rebellion at the military station of Hazaribagh.

Arjun Singh who had considered himself as the king of Singbhum by tradition. Had been greatly irked over the fact, that Captain Sissimore had left in charge Chakradhar Singh, the Raja of Seraikela.

Moreover, in the month of September, when the Ramgargh battalion stationed at Chaibasa had revolted and plundered the treasury. And though their escape had been blocked by some 400 Kols. This petty Raja had provided them with shelter and employed them at the Chakradhar fort.

Insurrection in Palamu, Hazaribagh and Manbhum.

The incident in British Singhbhum was by no means an isolated one. In Palamu, a town 190km away from Ranchi. A tribal alliance of Chero and Bogata tribesmen had taken the opportunity to venture out and terrorize, the property and lives of anyone they had met.

Their motives are still debated today as to whether they were spurred only by economical gains or to present a united front with the Sepoys in rebellion – who by this time had also degraded into looting and plundering.

In Manbhum, a city now located in the present-day state of West Bengal India, some 164km away from Ranchi. The tribal Santhals after their failed uprising in 1855, had embarked on a spree of murders and looting.

However, here, quick thinking on the part of the authorities had averted the danger from escalating into a large scale insurrection with the imprisonment of the chief of their clan – who was not released till after the end of the mutiny in 1859.

Although at Hazaribagh, left unchecked, the Santhals had rampaged without opposition and long after the mutinous Sepoys had been killed or apprehended in 1857.

Edward’s precarious position.

Though entrusted with maintaining peace in the province and protecting the regional administrative capital of Ranchi. With a large portion of the garrisoned troops in open rebellion and lives of European officers in peril. It is not hard to see Edward’s position at this time was indeed a precarious one.

Yet from military records, we find that this veteran of a now bygone age seems to have never once strayed far from the most troubled spots with the hope of restoring order. In spite of being completely outnumbered and outgunned. His bravery, indeed worthy of a great measure of our respect.

These records, mostly Edward’s own entries, further acquaints us with the apprehension of E.I.C officers regarding the native Sepoys. And the factors that had led them to abandon the administrative headquarters of the Chota Nagpur region, that was the town of Ranchi.

Writes Edward, I had gone down to the cantonment to be with Colonel Robbins, and remained there at night. The men at headquarters had not heard about what had happened with Lieutenant Graham’s party. And our preparations for receiving the mutineers, who were but 20 miles away at a place known as Boormoo, continued throughout the night.

However, it was bruited, that the men at headquarters would not fire upon the mutineers, and consequently, our position was somewhat critical. The propriety of reliving ourselves from this position was canvassed that night. And the majority were for going.

But Colonel Robbins and myself determined that so long as there was even a chance of being supported by the men at headquarters we should remain at our posts.

At noon of the 2nd, several Sepoys of Lieutenant Graham’s party arrived in the lines. And we heard the corps had received communication from the mutineers.

The refusal of Sepoys at Ranchi to repel the mutineers.

About 2 p.m, the Sergeant Major reported that since receipt of this communication, the demeanour of the men had completely changed. The cheerful manner in which they hitherto performed their duties was gone, and was succeeded by a sullen and disrespectful behaviour in some, whilst others appeared dejected.

And about the same time, it was made known to Colonel Robbins, by one of his most influential and trusted men, that he need not except support from any one of them to either repel the mutineers or coherce the body of his own regiment.

Edward Tuite Dalton, 1857

Ranchi adandoned.

While from Edward’s words it becomes apparent he had decided to make a stand with the native troops at his disposal. The open refusal of the local Sepoys had nonetheless forced him to take the only available course of action. And which was to abandon an impossible to defend Ranchi, and regroup in a more defensible location.

Thus on the 2nd of August 1857, Edward, accompanied by a handful of English officers and a few loyal native soldiers, had taken the rough road for the deserted military station of Hazaribagh.

Which upon reaching the next day, he had immediately brought under his control, and succeeded in restoring a semblance of order. Albeit for a short while. For the presence of a large number of insurgents in the area had forced him to abandon the station not only after.

The Ramgargh mutineers, on the other hand, had arrived in Ranchi an hour after Edward’s departure. And straightway unleashed a spree of violence and destruction.

They had targeted European and native Christians. Burned down the quarters of officers. Obliterated government records. Not to mention bombarded the Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church at the G.E.L road complex – which till this day preserves a cannonball stuck to its wall as a reminder of the mutiny. (see the Farbound.Net snippet: Pioneer of the Faith).

Raja Jagarnath Sahi, the ally and friend who helped Edward.

During these trying times, Edward had been helped by his friend and ally, the local regent of Ramgargh, the Raja Jagarnath Sahi. In the archived letters that Edward had sent to the company’s headquarters in Calcutta. We find Edward heartily endorsing the Raja’s loyalty.

The Ramghur Raja has just visited me, and placed at my order, some 40 or 50 armed men. Of the Raja’s loyalty, there can be no question.

Edward Tuite Dalton, 1857

Unlike the petty Raja of Porahat, Arjun Singh, who had exhibited dual allegiances over slight grievances. The Raja Jagarnath Sahi had stood firm in his support and later prevailed upon Edward to request European troops at the earliest. This Raja was also not the only regent in Chota Nagpur whose allegiance was without blemish.

Edward’s entries reveal, the Rajas of Seraikela and Kharsawn too had not wavered in their support. Nor had the royal family of Chota Nagpur. As well as several other Zamindars and tribal chiefs.

In fact, Edward’s entry provides us with a clear glimpse of what really had transpired in 1857. After the Bengal army had revolted in the month of May. Native princes, chiefs, Zamindars and even the common people had gradually come to form two hostile camps. One in favour of the rebels. Another in support of the East India Company.

And it was to a large extent for this support, that the E.I.C had ultimately subdued the rebellion of the Bengal sepoys and their allies.

Edward’s chronological entries.

Furthermore, Edward’s archived letters with their chronologically placed entries provide us with a vividly descriptive account of the events. As and when they had unfolded in Chota Nagpur.

They acquaint us with one Madhub Singh. A Jamadar of the Ramgargh Light Infantry. Who is elected as the leader of the mutinous Ramgargh battalion. The frantic race between mutineers and loyalists to secure arms and ammunition. Plunder of the treasury. Theft of Government property. Including that of four elephants that were the personal property of Edward himself.

Of the fickle loyalty of one Thakoor Bisnath Sahai of Burkagurgh. Who had initially refused to comply with the Sepoys in rebellion. Yet within the lapse of seven days had joined their ranks. Having been offered the mantle of leader and kingship.

Of the loyalty of Lall Oopendur Nath Sahi. The heir apparent to the throne of Chota Nagpur. The names and ranks of British officers stationed here. Particularly of one Colonel Robbins, a lieutenant Graham and a Captain Davies. Men who appear frequently in Edward’s entries.

The confusion among the mutineers. Who in spite of having mutinied had possessed no definite plan of action. Their propensity to take up employment with local landlords and chiefs. By electing them as leaders. And of the desperation of the besieged Edward himself. Who we find repeatedly requesting for detachments of men. Especially Colonel Rattray’s Sikhs.

But the most telling, is Edward’s faith in the loyalty of the populace of Chota Nagpur. A sentiment, that we know, was shared by several other officers of the East India Company. Who in the early days had found it impossible to believe that their trusted Sepoys were up in arms. So suddenly had the Bengal army turned upon their former commanders.

Edward’s faith in the loyalty of Chota Nagpur.

Yet from Edward’s entries, it comes forth that his faith in the people of Chota Nagpur, in spite of receiving occasional jolts, was never fully broken.

If in one entry, Edward writes, ‘I have no reason at present for saying that any of the more influential zamindars will side with the mutineers. On the contrary, I believe they will find the country generally opposed to them’.

In another, we find him deliberately differentiating between the loyal and disloyal men. Stating with conviction the Sepoys recruited from Chota Nagpur had not been corrupted.

I am credibly informed that all the men of the battalion enlisted in the Ramghur and Chota Nagpore Districts are very anxious for the restoration of order and for our return. And will not obey the mandates of the head of the mutineers Jamadar Madhub Sing, who has on his side only the Bhojepooreeans and men of Western India, Behar etc.

Edward Tuite Dalton, 1857

Later we come across several other entries, wherein Edward can be found speaking up for the loyalty of native soldiers. The honouring of Zamindars and local chieftains with “Perwannas” and tiles of “Rai Bahadoor” for their loyalty and support during the turbulence. And a glowing recommendation for the royal family of Chota Nagpur to be honoured with the British Indian Government’s commendations.

Delayed reenforcements.

While in the initial days of the outbreak, it was but prudent of Edward to request prompt reinforcements. The British administration at Calcutta, however, at the time had bigger problems to deal with. And if Edward’s concern was limited to controlling the anarchy that rampaged within only the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

The Government’s concern was curbing a rebellion that was raging in the vast tracks of present-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Garrisoned by large bodies of mutinous native soldiers, and less than a handful of European regiments.

Though initially hesitant of utilizing the native troops of the Bombay and Madras presidencies. Doubtful of their true allegiance in these grave circumstances. The Government had later, reluctantly agreed to field regiments of the Madras army.

A force of which had arrived in the city of Calcutta on the 5th of August 1857, and moved inland to counter rebel forces. While another had marched from Cuttack, present-day Odisha for the province of Chota Nagpur.

Edward reenforced at Bogadar.

Although sent with the prime directive to free the 600 miles long grand truck road that linked the city of Allahabad to Calcutta as the lifeline of the Bengal Presidency.

Several detachments of this force from Cuttack had reinforced Edward in the town of Bogadar. And later helped him reoccupy Hazaribagh again. Followed by Doranda and Ranchi on the 22nd of September, 1857. Which in his short absence had been declared a town of the Mughal Empire by rebel soldiers.

On the 2nd of October 1857, after a small contingent of 350 loyal soldiers, had cornered and defeated a large and powerful rebel army of 3,000 men in the town of Chatra, in what later was to be known as the battle of Chatra.

The threat of the Sepoys had effectively come to an end in the province and allowed for the successful reoccupation of other towns by contingents of loyal troops who had engaged and ejected mutineers and subdued pockets of resistance.

But, in spite of this major victory in October, the anarchy that had entrenched itself firmly in the province had not abated.

For the tribal threat had still prevailed at Hazaribagh, Palamu and Singhbhum. With the stragglers and survivors of the once at large rebel army, now reenforcing the numbers of the Chero and Bogata tribesmen.

Edward fails to capture ringleaders in Palamu.

Thus in January 1858, we are not surprised in the least to find Edward marching down to Palamu to quell the tribal Chero-Bogata uprising, which even after the capture of the Palamu fort, a stronghold, was to continue unabated till November 1858.

Here it may be also worthwhile to know, that while Edward had spent a considerable time at Palamu. Reestablishing order and freeing the area from tribal vengeance. That at its violent peak had witnessed attacks on landlords and destruction of jails, courthouse, government buildings. Not to mention, the coal factory at Rajhara, a town now within the Palamu district. 

He had ultimately failed in his primary objective of apprehending the main ring leaders. Men who were well acquainted with the landscape and had made excellent use of its dense forests, hills and easy escape routes to elude capture. And continued with their objective of harassing and raiding nearby towns.

Which even after their deaths had lasted till 1859.

Edward restores order in British Singhbhum.

Records also indicate that after Palamu, Edward was present in British Singhbhum. Lending his assistance in curbing the Kol uprising. Which after the defeat and eviction of the Raja Arjun Singh by an allied force of Government troops and men of Seraikela and Kharsawn in November 1858, had turned from a regional dispute of power to an anti-colonial moment.

Arjun Singh, having been accepted by the Kols as their king, had instigated a powerful insurrection, this time directed solely at the colonial administration. 

This second insurrection had at its height witnessed killings and widespread destruction of government property. And In spite of government forces defeating the Kols in pitched battles, and later the surrender of Arjun Singh and other Kol leaders. The region had not been pacified till 1861.

Gratitude of the Goverment and promotion to major.

Edward’s gallantry during these trying times did not go unrewarded. An entry in military archives related to the war service of the officers of the Bengal army, dated 1863, reveals Edward did indeed earn the gratitude of the E.I.C. administration and later after its dissolution in 1859, of the British Home Government.

Moreover, for his gallantry and conduct, he was also promoted to the rank of Major.

What one may perhaps find more remarkably though, is that in spite of witnessing the deaths of innocent men, women and children, and having his own life endangered on several occasions, the upheaval of 1857 had ultimately produced very little animosity within him.

For after the mutiny had been curbed. We find Edward, carrying out his official duties with calculated precision and moral firmness. And without harbouring ill will or hatred for either the tribals of his province or the ordinary Indian Sepoy.

Edward the just commissioner. 

From 1863 onwards, Edward appears to have set anchor in calm waters, as there is little mention of any large upheaval or perilous mission he is called upon to face, other than what possibly was one minor expedition to Cuttack, Odisha. That he appears to have undertaken in 1866.

Henceforth, far from battlefield duties, we only get to hear of him as the just commissioner of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

Engaged in administrative duties, touring the province and establishing a fair system of law. While maintaining constant correspondence with Calcutta that even after the dissolution of E.I.C., had remained as the capital of British India and the administrative headquarters of the Bengal Presidency.

In this peaceful phase, it may be safe to assume, Edward may well have continued his study and observation of the tribes of Chota Nagpur with a still unbroken interest in anthropology, and perhaps as a wary commissioner who had taken note of their warlike fervour a few years back.

Edward’s impartial treatment of the tribes of Chota Nagpur.

While Edward as an administrator had sought to manage his province with an impartial system of law and order. Wherein he had both punished offenders, settled disputes and rewarded. His relation with the tribes of Chota Nagpur can be said to have extended beyond the duties of administration and his hobby of anthropology.

That we know Edward was an amateur anthropologist is evident from his habit of recording details of tribes and tribal customs as well as his authorship of the Ethnology of Bengal. A book he had laboured to produce for the purpose of documentation and scientific study.

From what we can glean from Edward’s mind, revealed in his opinions related to these tribes of Chota Nagpur. It seems that he had been sensitive to their state of existence, and besides harbouring a genuine sympathy had sincerely worked towards helping them as best he could.

As is evident from an extract in S.P Sinha’s academic work: Conflict and Tension in the Tribal Society. In which the author, while explaining the factors that led to the Gond rebellion in 1888. Has drawn a comparison between Edward and his successor, Heweitt. Who replaced him as commissioner in 1880.

The tribes of Chota Nagpur during Edward’s time.

The tribes Edward had come across in Chota Nagpur during his tenure as commissioner were a volatile but much-neglected people. Who had traditionally harassed, raided and warred with neighbouring clans and settlers. And in turn, had been exploited by local authorities, kings and oppressive landlords.

As a people who had belonged to neither the sect of Hinduism nor Islam. But had adhered to their own beliefs and practices. They were largely to be found on the fringes of established societies. Their men had been mostly used by these societies, for menial labour or in times of war recruited as mercenaries through temporary pacts.

The chief occupation of these tribesmen otherwise had been to forage for forest produce and live off the land. Or in the case of certain clans such as the Paharias. Who had dwelled in the North-Central parts of the Santhal Parganas – the heartland of the tribes. Acquire the necessities of living by raiding Hindu settlers residing in the plains. Especially farmsteads.

In the 18th century, prior to Edward’s tenure, they were also a much subjugated and ostracized people. Bondaged at the bottom of the social ladder. Sometimes with the sinews of the caste system and at other times with a one-sided law, that had denied them fair justice.

Exploitation of the tribes.

Although when the East India Company had initially set up its administration in Chota Nagpur in 1786, some of these tribes had benefited from monopolized agricultural rights, exemption from land taxation and a certain degree of autonomous rule. Not to mention regular employment opportunities.

Hired as they had been for clearing densely forested areas for cultivation purposes. Protecting the countryside from wild animals. And importantly the building of the railway line from Calcutta to Patna. Which S.P Sinha notes, had immensely profited the Santals in particular.

Loopholes in the system had also led to their exploitation. Especially at the hands of non-tribal money lenders known as the Dikus and the landholding zamindars. To make matters worse, they had been further harmed by the partiality of local magistrates and administrators like Heweitt. Who had been more in favour of benefitting the ruling or landowning aristocracy. And ultimately brutal confrontations with the local police.

All of which had left them completely disillusioned. Not just with these offices. That were part and parcel of laws and rules alien to their way of life, albeit corrupt examples of a prudent system. But the administration in general.

Insurrection, an expression of discontenment.

Thus by 1856, these tribes had become prone to staging insurrections. For the reason, that prior to this time and during this phase, a violent outburst was their only means of expressing their discontentment.

Which in turn had made governing the region more difficult for the East India Company. With company administrators having to oscillate between maintaining the support of local regents and the powerful land aristocracy on one side. And keeping the tribal populations free of grievances on the other. In order to prevent large scale insurrections.

While much of their hatred was in essence directed at money lenders, landlords, corrupt magistrates and the local police. The tribes had also exhibited hostility over interference in their ancestral customs and practices.

That prior to the administration of the E.I.C. Neither local kings nor the landowning aristocracy had bothered to change or amend. But the British, as reformers, had delved into.

Particularly the pioneering Christian missionaries. Who in the initial stages finding it impossible to convert the higher castes had strived to better with the hope of conversions later.

Soka, the tribal witch hunt.

In 1853 one such resentment had erupted over the abolishment of the tribal custom of Soka. That was literally a witch hunt and had witnessed the cold-blooded murder of a man or a woman by an entire community, on simple accusation. As had once prevailed in medieval Europe and other parts of the world.

Under tribal belief, this ritual killing was not considered a crime as its practice had freed a community of an evildoer who had either stricken a clan or a village with bad luck or afflicted one with incurable diseases. 

The East India Company, after embedding its government in the region, had been bent on introducing modern laws among the populace. And likewise had banned all that it had considered as inhuman practices – such as this tribal witchhunt. That in spite of resulting in the murders of innocent men and women had been observed with great devotion.

This ban, for superstitious reasons, had naturally been greatly resented. And during the chaos that had engulfed Chota Nagpur in 1857. There had been a widespread violation of the ban.  

Mention of Edward reimposing the ban on Soka.

However, curated information, tells us that soon after order had been restored, Edward had once more imposed the ban and had later, fervently pushed to have the custom of Soka abolished.

Though during the mutiny, Edward had experienced the tough task of curbing the insurrection of the Santhals, Kols, Cheros and Bogatas in various parts of Chota Nagpur and its adjoining areas. Nowhere do we find him holding a disparaging view of every tribe under his jurisdiction.

Albeit there are instances. As we find the author Gautam Bhadra stressing upon his use of adjectives when describing certain tribes, in the 11 book series, Mutiny at the Margins.

Yet Edward cannot also be said to have been prejudiced in his opinions. For we also find him showering glowing praise upon the tribes. Like in the case of the Kols of Chaisaba when they had apprehended a detachment of the mutineers in 1857 – and in his eyes upheld the law.

In fact, as Bhadra states, the Kols of Chaibasa had turned hostile only after they had been refused Government acknowledgement for their commendable service.

In regard to the Chero-Bogata uprising, Edward seems to have largely viewed the event as instigated by a handful of influential ringleaders of the clan. As he may very likely have blamed Arjun Singh of Porahat for influencing the Kols.

Although it goes without saying, as a wary administrator, he had also been suspicious of their activities.

Edward’s civic governence and the Kols.

In the opinion of Gautam Bhadra, Edward as an anthropologist was interested in the development of a community of aspiring people eager for self-betterment, and for their own good. While as an administrator, he had desired civil order.

Which brings us to the understanding that Edward was much in favour of creating a world of responsible law-abiding citizens and one where judicial law was paramount.

While Edward was also firmly convinced that in time the tribal people of the Chota Nagpur plateau would eventually come to accept modernity and become law-abiding citizens of a responsible society.

It is a singular fact that in not one instance has the offer of reward produced the desired effect. Many of the delinquents have been captured it is true. But by the military force or the police. Not the people. Thus, though a man may have committed a crime so atrocious as to lead us to expect that the society in which he exists would be most anxious to get rid of him, and that all who know him guilty would for their own sake help to deliver him to justice, not a soul will move in the matter. Even with the additional temptation of a large reward.

Edward Tuite Dalton

During the rebellion, reflects Bhadra, Edward had been perturbed when he had failed to individualize the responsibility of the rebellion among the Kols. In spite of levying a fine and offering rewards.

Furthermore, he had also been exasperated with them for adhering more to tribal justice than the judicial system. That in his eyes was clearly against the norm of the state and restricted the limit of the law.

Edward’s foreword.

However, while we do find Edward imposing bans on customs like the Soka and upholding the virtues of his office as an administrator. Later we also find him speaking up against the policy of imposing western laws on a foreign people – more accustomed to following the customs of their ancestors.

A concern that we find him expressing in a tactful and polite manner in the introduction page of his book: The Ethnology of Bengal. The very first official work of Ethnology, which had purposely documented the lives of the tribes that had dwelled within the Bengal Presidency.

In treating the Chota Nagpur tribes, I have gone more fully into their past history and described their progress and present condition more in detail than in other cases, because I have been so long among them and there is so little in print about them.

The brief historical narratives given may not be very attractive but it is important for Indian statesmen and administrators to have a clear understanding of the nature of our relations with them. And to possess a sufficiently detailed account of the circumstances under which they have been found so frequently in an attitude of hostility to a government that has no prejudices against them but on the contrary, is inclined to treating them with favour bordering on partiality.

Yet it often happens that we fail to conciliate them and that sometimes when lulled into the belief that we have quite succeeded in doing so, we are rudely awakened in our dream by some unmistakable demonstration of hostility.

Defects of applying universal laws for all.

It has certainly sometimes happened, owning perhaps to the difficultly of applying the complicated machinery of civilized laws to a wild and rough people, that real grievances have remained unredressed till they were resented.

The same law for all is a very high sounding and popular cry, and it is one that has been much favoured in the legislature of recent years; but I think in this craving of homogeneity, the heterogeneous character of the component parts of the population of India should also be borne in mind. 

Edward Tuite Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal.

The Ethnology of Bengal.

Edward had begun work on the Ethnology of Bengal in the year 1866. He was then 51 years old and a colonel in the British Indian army. His involvement with the project had grown roots from the making of a catalogue that had been entrusted to him by the Asiatic Society of Bengal. And his initial assignment had been to edit the information that was to be presented in the catalogue.

But having extensively toured Assam and Chota Nagpur, and gaining a thorough understanding of the tribes that had inhabited these regions, Edward had found the information to be inadequate. And had offered to rewrite the catalogue with the details that he had acquired during his tours.

This catalogue that Edward had initially prepared had been created for distribution during an exhibition of the primitive tribes of British India in the city of Calcutta. The live exhibition, the brainchild of Sir Joseph Fayrer, had been planned to grow awareness, understanding and enrich the field of scientific studies.

The scrapping of the exhibition.

However, before the exhibition could commence. The British Commissioner of Assam had pointed out the logistical, political and health issues related to ferrying the tribals of Assam to the distant city of Calcutta. His argument had carried weight and brought the exhibition that was to unveiled in 1869 to a premature end.

Though the exhibition had been scrapped off on humanitarian grounds, the interest to document the tribes for scientific study had still simmered with the Asiatic Society of Bengal and the British Indian Government. And somewhere down the line, had come about the idea of a comprehensive book on the same subject.

Edward the author.

In spite of never having authored a book of such magnitude before, Edward had nonetheless committed himself to its creation. In the colossal undertaking, he had been helped by the British Indian Government who had provided him with raw data from every administrative subdivision of British India.

Not to mention photographers who would illustrate the book with rare photos of tribal men and women.

Edward had eventually completed the writing of the book after six years of hard labour and in spite of having lost his personal journals during the mutiny of 1857 (see Farbound.Net Story: Those half naked tribal women and the men who loved them so dearly). During the writing of the book, he was residing in the yesteryear town of Ranchi.

Edward and the pastor Fedrick Batsch. 

In 1855, if we saw Edward superintendenting an expedition to avenge the deaths of French Missionaries, Nicholas Michael Kirck and Augustine Etienne Bourry in the rugged Mishmi Hills of Assam. In 1868, we once more find him helping yet another missionary claim justice. This time as a commissioner concerned for the welfare of a town and very likely as a devoted friend.

Hailing from Germany, the pastor Fedrick Batsch was a pioneer who had sowed Christianity in the soil of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. After a slow and utterly frustrating start, he had accumulated a congregation of 10,000 members from the tribal population in the region and in 1855 erected the building of the Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church. That in the present century can still be found at Ranchi’s G.E.L Road Complex.

Batsch had accomplished these feats in the same time frame Edward had been preoccupied with organizing an expedition against the Mishmi clans in Assam to avenge the death of the two French missionaries who had been murdered at Rima, in what then had been the country of Tibet.

Between 1866 and 1872, however, Batsch had found himself a victim of clergy politics and under investigation for crimes he had been wrongfully accused of and by the very sect he had sworn never to severe ties with. In this dark hour of his life, he had found support and strength, not from his own countrymen or clergy. But from the English residents of Ranchi. Especially Edward who appears to have admired his tireless missionary work.

Batsch, the pioneer who introduced Christianity in Chota Nagpur.

Here it is worthwhile to mention, that it is to Batsch that we not only owe the honour of introducing Christianity in Chota Nagpur. But also starting the trend of establishing schools and providing free meals. As he had done in the 18th century for the tribal Kols. In spite of struggling to make ends meet on a scanty allowance.

While Edward had arrived a few years after Fedrick was already settled in Ranchi. It is very likely the two would have been very much been acquainted and privy of each other’s labours. Residents of a small town as they had been and members of a small European community.

It may perhaps also not be too much of a stretch to imagine, Edward and Batsch would also have met and greeted each other on a regular basis. And finding the opportunity, engage in conversation under some cool shade without trampling on each other’s views or opinions.

Edward’s support of Batsch.

Though Edward had been unable to intervene in matters pertaining to the clergy. From the historical works produced by Archbishop Eyre Chatterton in 1903 and J. Cave Brown in 1870, we glean that Edward had spent considerable effort to restore harmony in the Gossner Mission in Ranchi. And that it was he who had reached out to the Anglican Bishop Robert Milman to intervene and reconcile matters.

Furthermore, these historical documents also reveal Edward, in his personal capacity, had also tried in vain to reconcile Batsch with the Reverand Ansorge. The investigating officer whose prejudice and dislike for the elder missionary had ultimately led to his humiliation and ex-communication.

In Eyre Chatterton’s work, History of the Church of England in India, an extract describing an interview between Edward and Ansorge also helps us understand Edward’s perception of religion, and his strong inclination to have Batsch cleared of all charges.

Yes, but God works through a human agency and Mr. Batsch was his chief agent.

Edward Tuite Dalton

While another extract from the same book, this time recording the Reverend Ansorge’s accusation, reinforces our belief that Edward indeed was a friend of Batsch. Writes Eyre Chatterton, ‘The Reverend Ansorge retorted during the interview. I see that colonel Dalton is the only friend of the elderly missionaries’.

Which Colonel Davis, a second witness in the Batsch case, further strengthens for us. When he states, “To say that Colonel Dalton is the only friend of the missionaries is contrary to the fact. They have, as I am happy to say, still many friends left and I am proud to enrol myself among the numbers.”

Founding of the St.Paul’s Church. 

Edward, once a great patron of the Gossner Mission, had indeed been a devoted friend to Batsch. In 1871 after Batsch had been ultimately excommunicated along with four other pastors. And Bishop Robert Milman had inducted them into the Anglican fold. Edward had donated 500 pounds from his personal allowance for the construction of a new church, and later put in place its foundation stone (see Farbound.Net story: To err is divine. To help is human).

Companion of the Order of the Star of India, 1869.  

From other scanty mentions of Edward in government records and works of historians, we come to know that some three years after the publication of the Ethnology of Bengal in 1872 and the founding of the St. Paul’s Cathedral in the same year. Edward, aged 60, and a Lieutenant Colonel with the Bengal Staff Corps had formally resigned as the commissioner of Chota Nagpur Plateau in 1875.

Also that in 1869, some six years before his resignation, he had been knighted with the Companion of the Order of the Star of India. For the meritorious service he had rendered in the course of his 39-year long career.

The Companion of the Order of the Star of India was a form of knighthood, Queen Elizabeth had introduced in 1861 to honour British officers and soldiers. As well as Indian kings, princes and men of the calibre (C.S.I).

Edward’s nephew, Reginald Tuite Dalton.

While there is very little information about Edward’s life after he had formally resigned from his duties as commissioner. We do know that he had been granted a two-year leave to visit Europe, and perhaps his home in Ireland. Which possibly during his long tenure in India he had not visited once – not even on the death of his stepfather, Thomas, in 1870.

Though Edward had remained a bachelor. And dedicated his life to soldiering and administration of British India. His nephew, Reginald Tuite Dalton, son of his elder brother Gustavus had followed in his footsteps and joined the 10th Royal Hussars.

A cavalry regiment that is now the armoured infantry brigade of the British army known as the King’s Royal Hussars.

Groomed in Sandhurst and inducted into this cavalry regiment as a sub-lieutenant, Reginald is known to have served in Kurram valley, Afghanistan in 1879 – during the second Anglo-Afghan war.

He had retired after the end of the military campaign. And may perhaps have met his uncle during this tenure in India. Or perhaps corresponded with him like Gustavus and Bective.

Death, 1880.

What Edward’s plans were after relinquishing his office or where he may have wanted to settle down is not known. The last we hear of his name is in an obituary published by the Royal Asiatic Society.

Which announces his death at Cannes, France on the 30th of December, 1880. Due to Cardiac Arrest. He was then 65 years of age. And a Major General with the Bengal Lancers.

Edward was neither a lord nor a high ranking commanding officer for history to have automatically allot him one of its pages. In spite of Thomas having been a devoted stepfather and Bective, a devoted brother. His name along with that of his elder brother Gustavus and younger sister had been omitted from the Taylour family until their discovery by Eimera Walsh in 2011.

A common Irish man.

What Edward was in essence was basically a common man. But one who was determined to leave his mark as a soldier and administrator.

A man of high moral standards, he had set sail for India at the age of twenty, for adventure, a promising career and the opportunity of earning a stable pay. Like many other Irish, Scots and English statesmen, soldiers and officers in the 18th century. Who had taken up service with the East India Company.

In India, he had found himself in the right places at the right time, and never once failed to rise to the occasion. During the later half of his tenure as commissioner from 1863 to 1875. Barring aside one minor episode, more pertaining to justice. There are no known records of revolts or uprisings.

While not a policymaker. With the power vested in his office. He had sought to make a difference. His firm support of the German pastor Fedrick Batsch both as a friend and commissioner also speaks much of his character as a man of principles.

The respect Edward had commanded among both European and native people can be judged by an incident during the 1857 mutiny.

In the month of August when a large force of the mutinous Ramgargh battalion had reached Ranchi and ransacked the town. Destroying government property and bungalows of English officers. Edward’s own residence had been spared.

A servant of mine had just come in from Ranchee. He reports that the mutineers of the Ramgurgh locals reached the station at 4 p.m, about an hour after our departure. They proceeded first with their guns to my house. But after consultation, they left it uninjured.And went to Captain Oakes, which they burnt and then burnt Lieutenant Monerieff’s…

Edward Tuite Dalton, 1857.

Daltanganj, the town Edward founded in Chota Nagpur.

Located some 172 km North of Ranchi, Daltanganj was a town founded by Edward during his tenure as commissioner between 1855 -1875. Possibly after the Chero-Bogata uprising in 1857.

Today it is a bustling and thriving city of over three lakh residents known as Medininagar, and the headquarters of the Palamu District.

The Indian Railways still refer to the city as Daltonganj (2018). It is one of the two routes via which the Ranchi-Rajdhani ferries passengers to and fro between the capital cities of Ranchi in Jharkhand and New Delhi.

The unknown Irish in India.

In spite of the dissolution of the E.I.C., Irishmen like Edward, and of whom we still know little about, continued to serve in India till the country’s independence in 1947.

Though by 1923 in the wake of the Irish Independence, their numbers had significantly dwindled.

Yet, it was their contribution that had unwittingly proved instrumental in transforming a vast region of small kingdoms into the modern-day countries of India and Pakistan.